Psychology

Epic dreams are one of the types of dreams, which are also known as cosmic, great, or numinous dreams. In spite of many other dreams, epic dreams are quite huge that people can hardly ignore them: lots of details, which are represented in epic dreams, are remembered for a long...

John Dewey contributed a lot to the discussions on the subject of Discovery learning in his famous progressive education theory, where he presupposes that learning should be developed in stages by the learners encounter with nature and his ability to manipulate it to gain some meaning out of it and...

According to Jungian psychology, concepts “dream” and “spirituality” are mutually related and have the straightforward implementation and path in figuring out the motives of a man’s dream. Carl Jung was deeply inspired by the work of Sigmund Freud The Interpretation of Dreams and added some new details to the theory...

Medicine, management, anthropology, sociology, and psychology are the main behavioral sciences that significantly affect all aspects of organizational behavior. Organizational psychology was once studied by a Harvard Psychologist name Hugo Munsterberg. It largely examines how workers can be motivated at the workplace. The behavioral patterns of workers are also addressed...

Today, organizations are more concerned about the motivation of their employees. Production per employee has been low and hence the managers are trying to understand what has led to this decrease in production per employee and the organization. In addition, competition has compelled all organizations to come up with plans...

Depression is a common mental health disorder, especially in some groups, such as adolescents and middle-aged women. Older people are also vulnerable due to their deteriorating health and quality of life. Depression is a comorbid disorder that leads to serious health issues resulting in significant financial losses for individuals and...

According to Bennett, changing roles can create stress and conflicts within the family setup. In a traditional family setting, men are generally viewed as the breadwinners in their families, while women are considered the caretakers of family members. They prepare meals, take care of the laundry, and ensure that children...

In psychology, there has been extensive research based on the debate concerning the interdependency of emotion and cognition. Since these two systems of processing information are based on a complex combination of neurobiological processes in the brain, the intensity of the effect of one on another has been studied in-depth....

The behavioral theory was initiated by Pavlov. He posited that repeat of a similar stimulus over and over gave a negative or positive reinforcement for incorrect or correct action. The subject eventually gets to learn. Some elements of the theory are very useful in modern-day life. These include punishment and...

An experimental study to investigate a research question requires experimental and control subjects. Three different designs, namely, within-subjects, between-subjects, and matched participants, can be used to investigate the question; does smiling improve the mood? In a between-participants design, each group of subjects receives a different treatment. In this research, the...

According to the definition, aging is a complex biological process, accompanied by retardation of the main life cycles. However, following the personal philosophy of aging, it is possible to provide a refutation of a general idea that, in the majority of cases, aging is depressing. Thus, scholars state that “preliminary...

The theory of processing levels is a concept developed in cognitive psychology in which the amount of memorization is associated with a particular level of information processing. The prolonged and qualitative memorization depends on the depth of the processing level. Explanation: The levels of processing theory were developed by Fergus...

Test bias does explain the consistently reported differential test performance for a number of reasons. First of all, the bias may arise from the inherent features of its design such as online distribution where the control could be exercised only partially, and the possibility of providing assistance may be limited....

When creating a favorable impression on a client, being a practitioner in oil and gas in the Middle East, it is of crucial importance to subconsciously follow the principles of helping skills throughout the communication. When working with a client, I will explicitly execute these skills in order to encourage...

Defense mechanisms are a phenomenon of the human psyche described by Sigmund Freud as a mechanism of reducing and coping with anxiety. This behavior is a direct result of a dangerous stimulus or when the superego, or identity, challenges the ego. Thus, when a potentially hazardous or allegedly threatening variable...

It is possible that the physical injuries inflicted on a child may not be visible immediately. However, abuse and neglect often have consequences for the family, children, and society as a whole. The impacts could last forever. Physical, psychological, and social consequences go hand in hand. Physical effects of abuse...

A three-year-old child is more eager to interact with other people and understand their expectations. The rate at which a child develops his or her language skills may vary greatly while remaining within the normal spectrum. Some children I know are rather talkative and communicate in full sentences, whereas others...

The first two years of a child’s life are critical for the development of each domain or skill area – cognitive, emotional, and adaptive. A typical 18-month-old toddler is actively developing and practicing language skills; however, since his or her speech apparatus is not yet fully formed, one should not...

The best personality theory to explain the contemporary patterns of development of a personality seems to be the psychodynamic theory of Sigmund Freud. This theory is highly relevant for the present period of time as the influence of the unconscious level of the human mind on human behavior, motivation and...

It is becoming a common assumption that eating disorders can result from discorded family relations. National Eating Disorders Association has launched a claim that if there are no clearly set boundaries between parents and children, children may experience the feeling of lack of control over their lives. Because of that,...

The human mind is responsible for the cognitive functions of the brain that includes consciousness, thought, and reasoning. These cognitive processes work together with physiological systems to produce a notion of existence. It is through existence that humans are capable of perceiving our surroundings, a key influencer of our thoughts...

At present, I may not have a perceived concept of masculinity as a set of components that constituent a single notion. On the one hand, there are certain characteristics that I deem as masculine, such as a voice of specific depth and physiological characteristics. However, there is no single image...

The connection between personal life and external factors such as economic and political changes might seem barely tangible. Yet, it has rather significant power on how one builds relationships with the community. For instance, the problem of the gender pay gap and gender disparities in the workplace, in general, remains...

Behaviorally, males will tend to work towards the provision of certain conditions that create security for the family in a mainly physical way. The actions and behaviors that come with this aspect include the man being with the family in the belief that in case of an attack, he should...

Various examples of dreams and their interpretation are available due to the work of many psychologists and others interested in the phenomenon of people. Many philosophers paid attention to the truth of dreams implementation in the real life. Sigmund Freud wrote about dreams as arches of further actions in a...

Besides physiological differences, the genders have different perceptions of their identity or personality. This element is not based on the anatomy of the concerned individual at all. For example, individuals who perceive themselves as being male in terms of gender have the conviction that they are men. This does not...

Ninety percent of the affected are young females. White upper class and middle-class women usually suffer from this illness. Only 5 % are males. It is believed that males undergo fitness regimes, masking the disorder they would otherwise have expressed. Males would be increasing their body looks and personality to...

Apart from biological influences on personality, social scientists have found out that society also plays an important role in shaping human personality. The process of personality development is a long one and involves changing a person’s attitude and hence character through the acquisition of information which enables them to build...

The humanistic approach to personality is based on the research and studies of eminent psychologists, including Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and George Kelly, and is built on the premise that human beings are responsible for their lives and the actions which they take through the course of their lives which...

Personality is a collection of characteristics, thoughts, behaviors, feelings, attitudes, approaches, all of which, in unison, make up a complete individual. There are several factors that impact the development of personality, and humanistic theorists like Maslow and Rogers emphasize rationality, consciousness, and freedom of thought and action when studying personality....

Psychopathy is significant to the understanding of criminal behavior because it describes the possible notions of the criminal. Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) describes that the nature of crime is actually simple because it easily connects the concept of individuals and their immediate environment. They proposed that most crimes are easily...

The developmental issues associated with the female bulimic involve issues of autonomy and the urge for developing an identity different from the mother is responsible for the anorexia nervosa and bulimia. The girl places a distance between herself and the mother to secure this autonomy and individuality. The girl believes...

Interpersonal relationship at the workplace involves effective listening, untangling of thought and expression of heartfelt problems, and acceptance of matters that cannot be changed. Effective listening is very essential in the workplace. There are three types of listening skills; active listening is when the receiver of information is mentally attentive...

Maslow’s theory of self-actualization postulates that human motives can be organized into a hierarchy of needs, which is a systematic arrangement of needs of an individual on the basis of priority of fulfillment of needs. According to Maslow, the most basic physiological needs of individuals, including food, water, sleep, shelter,...

Many psychologists who have expounded on this theory seem to agree that the best mode of learning should be focused on the student and headed by the student. The teacher at this point is seen rather as a facilitator of the process rather than the knowledge giver, hence the learner...

When addressing the issue of autism in education and designing new approaches to meet the needs of children with ASD, there has been a propensity over the past few decades to consider not only academic but also behavioral aspects of the teaching program. More importantly, numerous studies point to the...

Time management is a very important instrument that helps to get all necessary tasks done. However, various challenges should be overcome to do things in time. The first serious challenge is interruptions and distractions. These terms encompass multiple external factors. They depend on individual characteristics because what distracts one person...

Balance and confirmation are the issues, which have to be mentioned during the analysis of dreams and their meaning. Proper balancing help to comprehend what makes this life fulfilling, and why people make mistakes. With the help of confirmation, people get a chance to realize that there is a certain...

Dreams are one of the most fascinating things for people; during ancient times, lots of scientists and philosophers wanted to examine what our dreams were made of, and how it was possible to analyze all those dreams. So, dream analysis is considered to be as oldest in this world. Sigmund...

Motivational interviewing presents a good way to approach the work of counseling drug addicts through assisting them make decisions to change from their lifestyles, but under a stepwise process that allows them to adapt to a new life. To avoid pushing hard on the addict, it is worth noting that...

Counseling psychology is one of those spheres of life, which help to define and analyze human problems and present a worthwhile suggestion in order to continue enjoying this life. In fact, not much is known about the ways in how spirituality incorporates into dreamwork in practice. According to Lyon and...

In case the relationships among family members are unhealthy, the risk of psychological trauma increases significantly. Parental abuse and violence against children are severe threats since a child cannot provide adequate resistance and is forced to experience adults’ pressure. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network lists the traumas that arise...

Mental illness is a health problem that leads to distortion in a person’s way of thinking, feeling, and frame of mind. People suffering from this condition often find it difficult to relate well with others and may have difficulties undertaking routine tasks. There are many problems associated with the use...

The self-care exercises have shown to be imperative for identifying my personal views on how the high levels of stress can be reduced and managed. The five activities chosen to reach the desired self-care goals include spending time in nature, getting a massage, having a 20-minute nap, blocking out 30...

As a student, I have seen teachers and instructors use the principles of learning psychology a lot of times. Regarding particular examples, it is known that learners’ perspectives on the process of knowledge acquisition and the extent to which a person can develop intellectual abilities greatly affect motivation in the...

The modern scientific community uses numerous types of research to establish connections between psychology and learning. They include longitudinal studies, qualitative and quantitative methods, mixed-method designs, observational studies, descriptive research, and many other approaches to studying some phenomena (Lin-Siegler, Dweck, & Cohen, 2016). The advancements of psychology research are widely...

Stress is an inevitable part of our lives since it is a physiological response to life. Whereas some stressors can be managed, others, such as the loss of a loved one or of an inability to perform, can be more demanding. When it becomes long-term, it gets very serious because...

In psychology, ethics and professional codes of Practice are the core of the profession. They stipulate norms and conditions of working with clients and their relatives. Sternberg underlines that there are many institutions catering for the needs of the nation in cases they have problems with health, but their cooperation...

The theory of mind is vital for having a give-and-take conversation and for realizing that other people do not always have the best interests at heart. The theory of mind can be described as the ability to use such concepts as intentions, goals, and perceptions to interpret behavior. With the...

Taking into account the course materials, I can say that if all behavior is explained by information-processing operations, and given that these operations are expressed by a program of rules, then, according to the information-processing paradigm, all behavior involves rules. The three units selected for analysis are memory models and processes; knowledge...

Communication is the process of transmitting or imparting information to a receiver. In the case of interpersonal communication, both the transmitter and receiver are human beings, although they need not necessarily be in direct physical contact with each other. Therefore, for communication to be affected in interpersonal relationships, there are...

Protecting the personal rights of human subjects is a crucial aspect of conducting any kind of research, especially in the case of vulnerable groups. Such vulnerable groups may include subjects with diminished mental or intellectual capacities, incarcerated persons, children and students, subjects in uneven relationships, or individuals who experience certain...