It has been announced in the nebular theory that the solar system was produced from interstellar dust particles and gaseous materials, especially hydrogen, derived from the bursting material of primitive stars. The revolving series of interstellar matter started to be cleaved and the Sun came on the scene with the...
Virtually every chemical element on the Periodic Table is vital for sustaining life, but some of them, and nitrogen, in particular, are more important. Nitrogen is involved in a grandiose number of natural elements of the biosphere, including plant and animal proteins, air, dead organic matter, and soil mineral nutrients....
Marine ecology allows for a stoichiometric determination of the ratios of key elements necessary to support life in aquatic ecosystems. For this purpose, the Redfield ratio has traditionally been used, numerically setting the ratio of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as 106:16:1. It is worth noting that this stoichiometric proportion is...
Microorganisms are minuscule life forms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or cell bunches. They can be partitioned into six noteworthy sorts, which are summarized below. Bacteria Microbes are unicellular life forms. The unicellular life forms are portrayed as prokaryotic because they do not have a core. They exist in four...
Organisms enter human tissues through two fundamental portals, which include mucosal surface and epithelial routes. Epithelial routes are entry portal on the body surface, which includes but are not limited to the skin. However, the mucosal entry portal includes, but is not limited to the digestive tract. Transmission of microorganisms...
Harmonic wave is a physical term describing an oscillatory motion or vibration which moves first in one direction and then back again in the opposite direction. An example is the movement of a string plucked in a musical instrument. In addition, the harmonic wave is usually accompanied by sound production....
The classical conditioned reflex is based on the association of conditional and unconditional stimuli, in contrast to operant, formed as a result of a connection between the stimulus and the result of the response. Explanation: While I.P. Pavlov studied classical conditioning, foreign laboratories conducted research in the field of instrumental...
F-ratio is a statistical concept in experimental research design, which helps to assess whether variance in two different samples is equal. It is also used to determine the variance within groups of sample data as well as the variance between two groups of data. The F-ration is mostly applied in...
According to Denzin “no single research method adequately solves the problem of rival causal factors, thus the mixed methods approach is expected to create reliable explanation through triangulation”. Nevertheless, mixed research has its share of complications in terms of what extent of quantitative and qualitative plans are employed in mixed...
Gram stain is an important diagnostic feature and correlates with many properties of bacteria. According to their ability to stain with dyes of the trimethylphenol series, all bacteria are divided into two groups: gram-positive and gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria retain the complex of gentian violet with iodine when the drug is...
In general, quantitative research measures or counts to answer a specific research question. In this process, the original data obtained by a researcher are traditionally language-based or numerical. The research may be defined as quantitative if the study’s ultimate output implies the analysis of a measurement of a count. The...
Neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, GABA, glycine, and glutamate. Neuromodulators include norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, TRH, ACTH, vasopressin, LHRH, CCK, VIP, substance P, and enkephalins. Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter, but it can also have inhibitory effects. Acetylcholine is found at numerous synapses within the nervous system and is an important chemical messenger...
Nervous signals are transmitted either electrically or chemically. While electrical signals operate inside the neuron, chemical mechanisms operate between different neurons, i.e., at the synapses. The electrical discharge starts at the cell body and then travels down the axon to the various synaptic connections. In the inactive state, the interior of...
The internal structures inside a neuron include the cell surface, nucleus, and the cytoplasm and its organelles (rough endoplasmic reticulum, polyribosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus). Cell surface-the surface or limiting membrane of the neuron plays a role in the initiation and transmission of signals. The plasma membrane is a double...
It has been long discovered that genes influence human behavior and health. However, it is also known that people’s environmental surroundings shape their development and health conditions. The extend of the influence of these two factors has been a perennial subject of debate for medical scholars and philosophers alike. I...
Numbers, tables, and graphs are very useful when describing a single set of values or showing an association between two sets of values. A single set of values are used in everyday life. For instance, the teaching staff is fond of using single sets of values when evaluating the learners’...
Scholars emphasize the significance of the p-value in scientific research and statistics. P-value is the probability of receiving the result that is at least as extreme as the one mentioned in the sample data with the assumption that the null hypothesis is true. When the p-value is less than the...
The three axes of limb development are proximodistal, dorsoventral and anteroposterior. The proximodistal axis phase refers to the development of the limb from its tip to where it connects to the body. The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is first formed at the region where FGF10 (fibroblast growth factor 10), which...
The vertebrate eye originates from the frontal neural plate, the ectoderm of the head surface and mesenchyme drawn from the neural crest. There is a need for proper synchronization of ocular tissues to guarantee the formation of a functional eye. The frontal neural plate gives rise to the single central...
Intra-organ communication is necessary for the growth and development of organs. Biochemical signalling is involved in communication in the heart through molecules such as BMPs, Wnts, FGFs. Conversely, cell-to-cell communication occurs through the Ephrin, Notch, or Neuregulin/ErbB2 pathways. However, the mode of communication that synchronizes the growth of the endocardium...
From the data given, the age of the students would be the variables since variables represent data that cannot be measured empirically. The cases would be the qualification entry requirements to the university since it is the subject matter of the analysis, and unlike the age of the students, it...
Fossils are preserved remains or traces of dead animals or other organisms. Fossil formation begins with the death of a creature. When the dead animal settles at the bottom, the first reaction is the decaying of the fleshy parts. As a next step, the sediments cover the remains of the...
The three types of mammals classified on the basis of how their young develop are the following: monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Quite very distinct from other mammals, monotremes can lay eggs rather than give birth to their young. Only three types of mammals can be classified as monotremes. These...
Prior probability is the estimated probability of the state of affairs before a practical survey is conducted to acquire relevant details. This is usually a conclusion based on past events. For instance, Peter passed the test (A) last year; therefore, the probability P (Pc) he will pass test C is...
Values in science most often appear in the form of methodological norms and procedures for scientific research, the methods of conducting experiments, and assessing their results. According to Bigge, they express the most important vital meanings that have developed during the formation of society. At the same time, scientific values...
Information used in research studies encompasses knowledge, messages, facts, numerical indicators, and data obtained from various sources, both objective and subjective. In order to assure truthful and valid research findings, information should be characterized by its completeness, representativeness, credibility, and validity. The credibility of challenging information about the role of...
Reliability in any type of study suggests that the study must be stable, or the researcher’s propensity to constantly re-code similar data similarly as outlined in the study every time the research is done is possible. Reliability can thus be referred to as replicability or duplicability of the same data...
The quantitative research method is mainly objective in nature and is largely concerned with researching the quantitative aspect of a study. It utilizes statistical tools in data collection, entry, and analysis. The most widely used methods of data collection, in this case, are observations, tests, questionnaires, surveys, and the use...
Every academic discipline or activity is usually characterized by its own philosophy based on certain guiding principles and instructions. Truths and values turn out to be critical educational practices or, as defined by Bigger, instruments with the help of which researchers can test their experience and create specific frameworks. Compared...
An evaluation pilot test refers to a trial of several aspects of the process with individuals or groups of people who resemble those expected to be included in the final evaluation. According to Bastable, these include a trial of the data collection process, analysis plan, and the instruments used in...
Living organisms experience a regular cyclic movement of matter of which they are composed. This cyclic flow of matter is referred to as the biogeochemical cycle. Through the cyclic flow, the resources utilized by the organisms are not lost but end up in locations that are out of reach of...
Anthropologists assert that the human culture has developed over time from simpler forms to modern complex forms. This subject has been analyzed both in unilinear and multilinear phenomena. In general, human cultural evolution has been categorized into three stages. These stages are savagery, barbarism, and civilization. Anthropologists differentiate these stages...
In the recent past, powerful tools and scientific innovations have revolutionized the way agriculture is done. Innovative production and processing have transformed conventional agricultural systems and the world’s capability to generate enough food for its population. Notably, these developments have come with drastic changes in economic forces and social organizations....
When the short-lived iodine splits, there is the formation of thyroid cells. When these cells collect or combine into one, they form iodide, which is as radioactive as the initial component material. The particles that result from these lines, form unstable radioiodine, which can cause delayed effects and chronic and...
There are many enzymes involved in HRR in humans. Several diseases have been linked to defects in individual enzymes. For many enzymes, however, there is no human disease identified. This is because most enzymes involved in HRR do not play an active role in the malignancy of cells. Homologous Recombination...
An experiment can be defined as an operation to discover something unknown. In bio-medicine, experimentation on human subjects or animals uses human beings or animals as laboratory specimens to make discoveries. Different people or scholars have tried to endorse the moral justification of the operation while others refute it. This...
Alcoholic is a form of beverage that contains ethanol, a member of hydroxyl group. Ethanol is commonly referred to as alcohol by International Food Information Service and can only be used for human consumption if mixed with agricultural products. However, pure ethanol cannot be consumed by humans, as it is...
Most research studies utilize both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The qualitative data analysis approach is most suitable for a dataset that is largely numerical in nature rather than objective which is best analyzed by a qualitative research study. Quantitative research design usually involves the use of statistical programs such...
“In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment.” Charles Darwin The theory of evolution, according to Darwin, was based on the theory that species that are “fit” survive better in a changing environment,...
Mackey et al. describe a qualitative study they have conducted as a series of semi-structured interviews. They identify the purpose of their research as “to explore the experiences and perceptions of patients who regain employment after a burn injury and to contrast these with the experiences of those who remain...
Even though the contents of the paper by Mackey et al. included some information about semi-structured interviews and qualitative research, the researchers did not describe the study design, which led to confusion while reading the article. The study did not provide any explanation about the factors influencing the eligibility of...
Mackey et al. utilized a matrix analysis methodology in order to process and assess the obtained data. However, the specifics of these methods’ operational processes were excluded from the article. In addition, the study mentioned that it became apparent that patients could be grouped but never explained how exactly it...
Natural selection is the process by which a population develops a more pronounced expression of a particular trait or loses a particular trait that will enable it to survive in the prevailing environmental conditions. Natural selection is the foundation of the evolution of a population species. A good example, as...
Discovery is never an isolated breakthrough; as a rule, a scientist manages to make a discovery owing to the opportunity to work with the results of other researchers’ work. Thus, it is often quite difficult to evaluate who has made the most significant contribution to taking one more step forward....
The book of James D. Watson is a great illustration of “cut-throat” competition that often takes place in science. It turns out that science is far not a quiet field limited by reading books, looking through the microscope, and calculating numbers. We see that uncovering nature’s secrets turns into a...
A hypothesis is a statementabout a population parameter that has to undergo a verification process to check its clarity or prove its efficacy in regard to its representation of that particular parameter. A hypothesis could either be null or alternate. “The null hypothesis is a statement that is not rejected...
T1 weighting The net magnetization vector (NMV) is spun into the transverse plane after the 90° rf excitation pulse is applied. The recovery of T1 takes place when nuclei lose energy, and NMV starts realigning with B0 leading to the recovery of longitudinal magnetization. Fats usually have a short T1...
Qualitative methods apply designs that are emergent and flexible, and this is characteristic of their questions. Creswell recommends some classified words for use at the start of the research questions. This entails the use of words ‘how’ or ‘what’ that imply room for improvement of the current structure of the...
Mixed method questions blend quantitative and qualitative research questions ends. Thus, within the same mixed-method research question combine qualitative and quantitative study ends. In bringing out the strengths of either qualitative and quantities research questions for this study, preference is made both qualitative and quantitative research questions are stated together...
In the hillside of coastal sage scrub, relative density and relative frequency of plant species compare considerably. The plant community that covers the coastal prairie of the California coast is typical of dominant species and is typical of high relative density with a lower relative frequency. The rationale is that...
The coastal sage scrub community is low laying shrub found at the coast of California extending to the northern areas of Baja. The plant community is typical of shrubs that have adaptations to cope with the Mediterranean climate of low-lying woodlands on the coast. Due to the softness of the...
A research should have a clear purpose as it should give benefits for both the writer and the reader. For the reader, a comprehensible purpose enables one to understand the area of study and what the research proposes to improve on the subject. On the other hand, it is a...
According to Socialresearchmethod.net “research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project — the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and methods of assignment — work together...
Intelligence is the root of our creativity, innovation, and exploration. But the exact contributions on the development of our intellectual brain or lack of it are still in obscurity. One main factor is our genetic makeup — which is basically who we are without any kind of outside influence. The...
Production ESCs are formed from a human embryo using the undifferentiated internal mass of cells. In contrast, IPSCs are produced from the reprogramming of different types of somatic cell types from diverse animal species. Both types of stem cells are pluripotent, meaning that they can differentiate into products of the...
It should be noted that the concept of frailty had originated from the works of biogerontologists, but it gained increasing importance in recent decades due to its significance for more broad issues related to aging. In general, it is possible to characterize frailty in the following way: it is a...
Qualitative research involves the systematic investigation of a phenomenon in a narrative and a descriptive way. Qualitative research appears to be more realistic in some of the concepts that cannot be expressed in mathematical analysis. However, it lacks uniformity and reliability because respondents have an option to ignore some concepts...
A case study is used in investigating problems that cannot be unearthed by the quantitative study as it is an in-depth examination of a research phenomenon that is utilized in the understanding of an issue that relates to the present situation. This means that it examines a situation in its...
The generalization of research findings is one of the tenets of social research studies that most often than not motivate researchers in the first place to undertake a research study in the area of interest, and as controversial as this might be, most study designs in social sciences are designed...
It has long been appreciated that what was achieved during the invention of airplanes, had long been achieved in nature by birds. The basic concept is to create a balance between weight and strength. Flight is a special adaptation of birds that enables them to obtain food, travel, escape from...
Evolution has it that mammals evolved from reptiles. As explained by Klappenbach on ‘An Introduction to Mammals,’ mammals evolved from “a group of reptiles known as Therapsids.” The adaptations that mammals acquired in favor of their reptile ancestors, is the ability to control their body temperature or a situation known...
When preparing to collect and analyze qualitative data, several issues should be considered. One of them is the cost of the research, as in most cases it will require quite some budget: paying for the interviewers and collectors of the data, the software, specialists to decode and analyze the information....
The Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted cosmological model that seeks to explain the development of the universe. In the beginning, considerable energies became concentrated at one place, thereby producing a reactionary expansion that caused a big explosion now known as the Big Bang. This model explains that...
Research should have a clear purpose as it should give benefits for both the writer and the reader. For the reader, a comprehensible purpose enables one to understand the area of study and what the research proposes to improve on the subject. On the other hand, it is a benefit...
The discussions presented will attempt to provide information that can assist the reader in identifying important reasons behind selection criteria and any advantages or aspects behind the use of the methods identified. Just as it was observed that a study is often a step-by-step process where individual stages are related,...
The different types of hypotheses are inductive, deductive, and research. The last is divided into directional or non-directional research and statistical hypotheses, which include a null hypothesis. An example of a directional hypothesis is if the students who use the study pack will score higher on the science test than...
There are two categories of research designs. The first category is the quantitative research design. As far as this category of research design is concerned, a person resolute the link in between 1 item that an autonomous/independent and a different variable that is a reliant/dependent variable within a certainly given...
Research design can be defined as the scientific model that helps in creating research that will be quantifiable, replicable, defensible, and verifiable. Normally, the model can be flexible but it is often used in the day-to-day life and it often brings evidence for any research or a report that one...
Validity is defined as the strength of any proposition or a conclusion given after conducting research. Validity also means the best of the available approximation that approaches the truth or false results of a proposition. Reliability can be defined as the consistency of a given measurement. It can be a...
It is important to understand the basics of epigenetic changes, which occur in DNA. There are many molecular mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming, which include DNA methylation, as well as processes leading to a change in chromatin state, non-coding RNA. Important and relatively recently discovered factors of epigenetic reprogramming are the...
Epigenetics studies mitotically or meiotically inherited and reversible changes that affect gene expression and genome stability, but occur without a change in the DNA sequence. At the same time, environmental factors, such as metals, persistent organic pollutants, or endocrine disorders caused by chemicals, can influence epigenetic changes. The extension of...
The main strategic task of the Human Genome Project for the future is to study DNA variations at the level of individual nucleotides in different organs and cells of individuals and to identify these differences. Typically, single mutations in human DNA occur on average per thousand unchanged bases. An analysis...
The Human Genome Project was conducted in order to decode the entire genome of a person. The main goal of the project is to determine the sequence of nucleotides in all molecules of human DNA with the simultaneous establishment of localization of all genes. Priority areas were declared structural and...
Science is an enterprise through which a specific type of ordered knowledge about natural phenomena is acquired through controlled observations and theoretical interpretations. A scientific theory explains the modeling of logical constructs into which the known facts related to a theoretical domain, or phenomenon, may be fitted. Therefore, a theory...
The use of genetically engineered microorganisms is a practice that has been occurring since the 1970s. Due to the broad spectrum of applications for bioremediation, as human interference is causing enormous damage to the environment, this has become a promising field of study. The bioengineered microbes are created by identifying...
Androgens such as testosterone influence the brain and behavior in two ways. First, they act prenatally and during early infancy to organize the brain. Second, circulating androgens in later adolescence and adulthood mediate behavior by altering the activity of target neural systems. Davis (2000), in fact, claims that there may...
A statistical hypothesis is a guess regarding a population consideration. Hypothesis testing is a vital component of statistical implications. To prepare a test, some kind of assumption should be used, which is easy to do using tools like a hypothesis generator. The reason is that either it is supposed to...
The retina is 0.3 mm thick complex neurons layers and their connections. Three layers of cell bodies are separated by two layers of axons and dendrites. The retina’s first layer is the ganglion cell layer having a single axon each. In the retina, light is converted to a set of...
Correlation studies are used by researchers to describe and predict the direction and strength of relations among variables. Explanation: A correlational study is predictive and descriptive research that shows the relationship between variables. If someone finds a correlation between variable X and variable Y, then he/she knows that a change...
The methods of carrying out research can be classified into two broad categories: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research mainly refers to the empirical examination of phenomena by means of mathematical and statistical techniques. Conversion of data into a measurable form provides an easy way to easily categorize and work with...
Case study matches theory and observation. It analyzes how efficiently a theory envisages aspects of precise cases. Case studies can contribute to theory. They offer additional information that adds or decreases the value of previous theorists. It is mainly because case studies can provide information that can either confirm or...
A good study plan consists of nine important elements. The first is the statement of the problem that includes a precise statement of the aim of the study. It may consist of the research questions to be answered in the study, a briefing about the importance of the study, and...
During the implementation stages of the study such as a collection of data, it is important to consider the place in which the study will be conducted. For example, if the research study is to be conducted in a classroom such as the administering of questionnaires, the students may be...
The extent to which a research study will spell out the relevant details attests to the strength of an exploratory research study. The descriptive research question in this study explores more details on the variables in perspective. A descriptive question could pose, “How do transportation operators in fifty states in...
The first form for writing a quantitative hypothesis is the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is denoted by H0, where H stands for hypothesis and the subscript zero implies a there is no difference condition, and H0 is read as “H sub zero”. The null hypothesis is a statement about...
One of the basic elements of the quantitative research question or hypothesis writing is the use of variables. A variable can be independent, meaning that it provides the basis for estimation, or the variable can be dependent, which means that its values are being predicted or estimated. The use of...
Research questions form the guiding bases for the investigator to focus on during the study. These are systematically stated alongside the purpose statement and central intent sections of a research paper; these fundamentally define, describe and determine the direction of the study. In research write-ups, these form the scope frameworks...
Abstract Germination is an important process that begins plant development. For germination to take place, seeds need to take in water, which initiates a sequence of activities that culminate in the emergence of roots and shoots. The intake of water by the seeds involves the process of osmosis, which is...
Introduction Wastewater treatment techniques are necessities in the contemporary world. This is attributable to amplified proportions of wastes, which are resultant features of anthropogenic activities. Noticeably, anaerobic digestion is an organic procedure that utilizes anaerobic microbes to physically, degrade untreated constituents of wastes in the absence of oxygen (Guillermo &...
Summary Height of the rebound of tennis balls from two different kinds of surfaces have been recorded when these balls were made to fall freely from predetermined height. These values were used to calculate velocity of approach of tennis ball and coefficient of restitution between the tennis ball and the...
Introduction The ability to identify and control the possible confounding variable in any research is one of the critical tasks that researchers have to tackle to produce authentic and reliable results. Just in case a confounding variable is not tackled and then it affects the outcomes of a research, then...
Abstract Salinity of a solution has marked influence on the germination of seeds. In this view, the study hypothesized that the rate of germination decreases as the concentration KCl reduces. To establish the impact of salinity on germination of mung seeds, the study employed distilled water and increasing concentrations KCl,...
Abstract Germination is a process that combines several factors of growth among them oxygen, water and other ingredients for growth. A successful germination of seeds requires a favorable life supporting environment. To achieve this, plastic bags with ten bean seeds each were prepared and four different concentrations of KCL solution...
Abstract With the increasing need for research, qualitative research has been widely used to collect information and determine the relationship and phenomena which are unknown to man. Due to this fact, it is of great importance for researchers to be familiar with the concepts of qualitative research and develop the...
Introduction The idea of constructing San Francisco Bridge came about in 1872. Francisco’s geographical location did not favor its construction since it was an island. Consequently, no one thought that the project could take off. Evidently, after thorough consultation in 1916, the idea became manifest. Emerging concerns indicated that San...
Introduction Qualitative research is normally performed for various purposes. To begin with they are normally conducted when there is minimal knowledge concerning a phenomenon or concept due to inadequate previous research, because it is a recently established area of concern, or if it is an area that change and the...
The case involves a disagreement between Horatio and Ashley. Horatio says that yellow leaves have colored pigments and the green leaves do not while Ashley states that the green leaves have colored pigments. The disagreement between Horatio and Ashley lies in the pigment that is present in the leaves. Horatio...